Pandemias da história e o potencial epidémico das zoonoses
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70360/rccse..v.75Palavras-chave:
Pandemias, Zoonoses, Potencial EpidémicoResumo
Após a identificação dos primeiros casos de Covid-19 seguiu-se a declaração de pandemia pela OMS a 11 de Março, o que suscitou o interesse em saber quantas pandemias ocorreram na história da humanidade. As pandemias mais devastadoras descritas são a Peste Bubónica, a Varíola, a Cólera, a Gripe por Influenza A, o HIV/SIDA e as doenças causadas pelo Coronavírus. Com excepção da Varíola e da Cólera, as restantes enquadram-se no grupo das zoonoses. Os factores implicados no potencial epidémico das zoonoses são a dinámica da doença no reservatório animal, a exposisão do homem ao agente etiolófico, a susceptibilidade do homem e a capacidade de transmissão da doença homem-homem. Esta depende da capacidade do agente etiológico sobreviver fora do reservatório animal e da sua disseminação. O registo da elevada morbimortalidade relaciona-se com o conhecimento sobre o agente etiológico, a transmissibilidade e a história natural da doença. A invenção do microscópio, a observação das bactérias e a criação dos antibióticos contribuíram para o controlo das pandemias. O postulado de Kock, o método epidemiológico de investigação, a identificação dos vírus e a descoberta da vacina foram outros contributos relevantes. No séc. XX, todas as pandemias se enquadram no grupo das zoonoses, com quadro clínico respiratório resultante das mutações do vírus Influenza A. O início deste século é marcado por três pandemias por coronavírus, que também é uma zoonose. É urgente a criação de um sistema de vigilância epidemiológico multisectorial que inclua o registo e controlo de doenças no homem, nos animais domésticos e selvagens.
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